种植密度对不同熟期玉米品种子粒含水率和产量的影响

2019～2020年以陕单 650(中熟)和东单 60(晚熟)为材料,设置 4个种植密度 6.0×10⁴、 7.5×10⁴、 9.0×10⁴和10.5×10⁴株/hm²,研究密度对玉米产量及子粒含水率的影响。结果表明,增密可以提高不同熟期玉米品种的产量,陕单 650在密度为 9.0×10⁴株/hm²时最优产量为 18 083.5 kg/hm²,东单 60在密度 7.5×10⁴株/hm²时最优产量为17 472.9 kg/hm²。两个品种粒重及子粒含水率随密度的增大而减小,陕单 650达到最大灌浆速率的天数、平均灌浆速率较东单 60均早 4 d和高 0.06 g/d;陕单 650和东单 60子粒平均脱水速率为 0.98%/d和 0.93%/d,陕单 650在生理成熟 4 d后子粒含水率迅速降至 25%。当密度为 9.0×104株/hm²时,陕单 650的叶片干物质转运率明显高于东单 60。通过适度增密提高产量、缩短生育期降低子粒水分的技术途径,协同实现陕西春玉米密植高产机械子粒收获生产。     

光照强度和土壤水分对辣椒品质和产量的影响

通过3个光照水平（自然光照—L1、遮阴30%—L2和遮阴70%—L3）及4个土壤水分水平（土壤相对含水率分别为田间持水率的40%～55%—W1、55%～70%—W2、70%～85%—W3、85%～100%—W4）试验,研究了其对辣椒品质及产量和水分利用效率（WUE）的影响。结果表明,①自然光及遮阴30%下,随着土壤含水...     

肥料运筹对强筋小麦西农979群体及产量效应

为了给强筋小麦生产提供施肥依据,以西农979为材料,采用不同的氮磷钾肥配施做底肥,研究其对群体、产量及其结构的效应。结果表明,高磷处理各生育期群体数量最高,磷肥对群体调节有显著作用,氮磷钾构成对不同生育期生物产量效应不尽相同,以越冬前生物量与成熟期关系最为密切。在各处理中,高氮处理的产量最高,比CK0增产33.1%,比CK增产19.1%。增施一定量的氮钾肥有明显增产效果。传统施肥水平下增施钾肥有显著的增产效果,增产幅度为5.8%,氮磷水平相同条件下适量增加钾肥可增产11.8%,钾肥过多增产效果不明显;磷钾水平相同的条件下适量增加氮肥可增产12.6%,氮肥过高则减产3.9%;氮钾水平相同的条件下增加磷肥产量变化不大。     

施氮量对粮饲兼用玉米子粒产量和饲用品质的影响

2017~2018年以主推粮饲兼用玉米陕科9号品种为材料，设0、90、180、270和360 kg/hm² 5个氮肥水平进行大田试验，测定不同氮肥处理下叶面积指数、产量和饲用品质和氮肥利用率等性状指标，分析施氮量对玉米子粒产量、饲用品质和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明，随施氮量的增加，叶面积指数、SPAD值和生物量增加；子粒产量随施氮量的增加先增加后稳定，此时最佳施氮量为268 kg/hm²，产量增加64.4%。随着氮肥增加，氮肥农学效率呈先增加后降低，氮肥偏生产力降低。饲用品质分析显示，子粒蛋白质、淀粉和脂肪含量随着施氮量增加而增加，在氮肥270 kg/hm²处理下分别较不施氮处理增加2.4%、13.7%和22.5%；秸秆中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量分别减少20.4%和18.1%，秸秆粗蛋白和体外干物质消化率分别增加22.5%和17.6%。适当增施氮肥改善玉米群体质量，增加产量和氮肥利用率，提高饲用价值。陕北灌区粮饲兼用玉米生产实践中，推荐适宜施氮量为268 kg/hm²。     

Rice growth and yield respond to changes in water depth and salinity stress

Depth of standing water in rice paddy fields is an important agronomic parameter in the management of irrigation-related salinity problems. It was hypothesized that reductions in the yield of rice under salinity stress can be ameliorated by adjusting the water depth. This study was designed to determine the interactive effects of salinity and water depth on seedling establishment and grain yield in rice. Plants were grown in a greenhouse and irrigated with nutrient solutions amended with NaCl and CaCl₂ (5:1 molar concentrations). Treatments were three salt levels with electrical conductivities at 0.9, 3.3 and 6.0 dS m⁻¹ and six water depths at 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 20 cm. The effects of both salinity and water depth were significant on plant growth and yield. However, there was no interaction between the effects of salinity and water depth. Reductions in seedling establishment and grain yield with increases of salinity and water depth resulted from a simple combination of the two different stresses on plants. Highly significant negative correlations were identified between water depth and seedling establishment and also between water depth and grain yield when data were combined across salt levels. Generally, plants performed better with respect to seedling establishment and grain yield in shallow water (i.e. <10 cm) than in deep water (i.e. >10 cm). Under salt stress, the effect of water depth was significant for panicle number, but not significant for panicle weight. The loss of grain yield under salt stress with the increases of water depth was mainly due to reduction in fertile tiller number. We suggest that water depth be lowered during the initiation and growth of productive tillers. However, the practice by lowering water depth must be incorporated with appropriate field management such as the increase of irrigation frequency, precision leveling, and effective weed control methods.     

略阳县五叶草莓种质资源调查与开发利用

为合理开发利用略阳县丰富的五叶草莓资源,本文对五叶草莓的种质资源分布状况进行了调查,发现略阳县五叶草莓主要有白果、粉果和红果3种类型,平均单果质量0.86~1.27 g,果实可溶性固形物含量7%~9.5%,果实不耐贮藏,主要分布在海拔916~1630 m的地区,当地市场销售价格20~80元/kg,此次调查可为五叶草莓资源的开发利用提供参考。     

追施氮肥对中筋小麦小偃22产量和品质的影响

【目的】探讨追施氮肥对中筋小麦小偃22产量和品质的影响,为关中主栽小麦品种小偃22高产调优栽培措施的制定提供理论依据。【方法】2005~2006年以小麦品种小偃22为材料,于拔节期和孕穗期追施不同量的氮肥,检测其产量、籽粒品质指标和面粉粉质指标的变化。【结果】不同生育期追施氮肥后小偃22平均单产较对照提高13.6%,其中以拔节期施纯氮37.5 kg/hm2+孕穗期施纯氮75 kg/hm2处理增产效果最为显著,较对照净增1 350.5 kg/hm2,增幅达20.8%。追施氮肥处理平均籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋、干面筋含量及出粉率和吸水率显著或极显著提高,依次较对照提高6.6%,9.2%,9.9%,2.3%和2.3%;追氮对沉淀值和稳定时间影响不大,但平均硬度和弱化度较对照分别提高1.8%和22.4%;形成时间、评价值和粉质质量依次较对照降低8.3%,10.5%和16.8%。【结论】追施氮肥可显著提高小偃22的产量,显著改善其籽粒品质,但不利于粉质品质的改善。拔节期37.5 kg/hm2+孕穗期75 kg/hm2追氮组合对产量和籽粒的蛋白质品质及粉质品质效应最佳。     

A comparison of soil-water distribution under ridge and bed cultivated potatoes

Data is presented comparing infiltration of irrigation and rain water to potato crops planted in ridges and beds in East Anglia, UK. An automatic soil water station (ASWS) was used to monitor soil water content and potential in the two cultivation systems. The ASWS data indicated that most of the water bypassed the potatoes planted in ridges as irrigation water applied to the crop from a boom irrigator was shed off the ridges infiltrating in the furrows. This was due to the water repellent nature of the sandy soil and meant that the irrigation water bypassed the potatoes. A soil water deficit built up in the core of the ridge as the crop grew and was not replenished by irrigations. A second early potato crop planted in beds was more successful at capturing water as the flat bed increased water infiltration around the crop. This has major implications for cultivation practice, scab control and crop water management. Instruments measuring soil water potential, content, temperature and rainfall were connected to a data logger powered by a solar panel and proved a successful way of monitoring infiltration. Hourly data was collected so that a high temporal resolution data set could be constructed in order to increase conceptual understanding of hydrological processes at a scale appropriate to the crop.     

几种土壤调理剂对“户太8号”葡萄生长的影响

以5年生“户太8号”葡萄为试验材料,在葡萄园施用5种不同的土壤调理剂,研究其对土壤改良与葡萄生长发育的影响。结果表明,供试5种土壤调理剂均可促进葡萄植株营养生长,叶片增大、加厚,叶片叶绿素spad提高,果实单粒重与硬度均显著增加,土壤质地明显改善。其中,腐殖酸、硅钙镁钾类调理剂分别使土壤pH降低、升高。微生物菌剂有利于增加土壤保水能力。今后宜研究不同类型土壤调理剂配合试验,以有针对性的合理改良土壤。     

我国农作物病虫害智能监测预警技术新进展

近年来, 随着计算机、互联网、物联网、人工智能、传感器、遥感等技术的快速发展, 智能虫情测报灯、智能性诱捕器、昆虫雷达、无人机遥感、卫星遥感、智能识别App等现代智能农作物病虫监测装备及重大病虫害实时智能监测预警系统建设方面取得了比较明显的进步。本文综述了我国近5年在利用光谱遥感、昆虫雷达、图像识别等技术进行农作物病虫害监测预警研究和应用方面取得的重要进展, 分析了各类技术存在的不足与难点, 提出了未来发展的方向, 以期为充分利用空天地多源数据实现农作物病虫害精准预报提供指导。